Abstract Emotional dependence is described as a type of sentimental dependency characterized by the manifestation of relational interdependence. Its objective is to establish a comparative analysis of its clinical and psychosocial profile. For this purpose, 880 participants were selected, of whom 277 are classified as clinical samples, 311 correspond to the general population and the rest represent comparison samples (addicts and non-codependent relatives). According to the results found, the profile of the emotional dependent is defined as belonging to subjects who experience affective imbalances in the form of negative feelings (loneliness, sadness, discouragement, guilt, etc.) and emotional emptiness together with desires for self-destruction and emotional inescapability. They present a pure dependence (way of depending on a person in a subordinate way), with an irresistible desire to be with the person on whom one depends. It is necessary to implement proposals for emotional management and promotion of relational health.

Resumen La Dependencia Emocional se describe como un tipo de dependencia sentimental caracterizada por la manifestación de interdependencia relacional. Se propone como objetivo establecer un análisis comparativo de su perfil clínico y psicosocial. Para ello, se han seleccionado 880 participantes, de los cuales 277 están filiados como muestra clínica, 311 corresponden a población general y el resto representan muestras de comparación (adictos y familiares no codependientes). Según los resultados hallados, se define el perfil del dependiente emocional como propio de sujetos que experimentan desajustes afectivos en forma de sentimientos negativos (soledad, tristeza, desánimo, culpa, etc.) y vacío emocional junto a deseos de autodestrucción e inescapabilidad emocional. Presentan una dependencia pura (manera de depender de una persona de forma subordinada), con un anhelo irresistible de estar con la persona de la que se depende. Se abunda en la necesidad de implementar propuestas de gestión emocional y de promoción de la salud relacional.

La desadaptación juvenil está asociada con diversos factores psicosociales, y los de carácter familiar y escolar son algunos de los más significativos. El objetivo del estudio es explicar la relación que existe entre los factores de socialización y afrontamiento en la resolución de problemas para el desarrollo de una competencia social adaptada en el periodo adolescente. Para ello, se seleccionaron los participantes mediante un muestreo intencional, con submues-treo por conglomerados, y el total fue de 493 alumnos adolescentes (rango de edad de 12 a 19 años). Los resultados confirman que los adolescentes cuentan con los medios suficientes para afrontar los problemas y optan por la inmediatez de la respuesta, constatando como variables importantes aquellas que tienen que ver con el apoyo social y la consideración de los demás, la influencia negativa del retraimiento social y el autocontrol en las relaciones sociales. Se plantea la importancia del proceso de socialización en el andamiaje para alcanzar una adaptación competente.

The juvenile maladjustment is associated with several psychosocial factors, the family and school some of the most significant. The aim of this study is to explain the relationship between socialization and coping factors in problem solving for the development of social competence adapted in the adolescent period. To this end, participants selected trough by purposive sampling with subsampling cluster with a total of 493 adolescents students (age range 12-19 years). The found results confirm that our teenagers have the means to address problems and opt for the immediacy of the response, noting important variables as those having to do with social support and consideration of others, the negative influence of social withdrawal and self-control in social relations. The importance of the socialization process in the scaffold is proposed to achieve a competent adaptation

The present study is framed within the analysis of the relationship between family background and offending behaviour at young age, considered crime during adulthood; and drug use. The aim is to establish the possible influence of family maltreatment experienced during the socialization period on the early onset of drug use in a sample of prison inmates from the Villabona Penitentiary (Asturias, Spain). The study was performed with a total of 157 inmates who participated voluntarily. Physical and psychological violence exercised by parents and siblings was considered a predicting variable, with psychoactive substances consumption being considered a dependent variable. Analysis of survival was performed using the Cox regression method, and is therefore mediated by both the type of inmate (i.e. primary or recidivist) and the type of crime for which they are serving time in prison. According to the rate of recidivism, results reveal the importance of maltreatment experienced within families in the earlier onset of tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, heroin and amphetamines use. Likewise, according to the type of crime, maltreatment within the family influences the initiation of alcohol, cannabis, prescription drugs, cocaine, amphetamines and designer drugs consumption.

El estudio se ha enmarcado en el análisis de la relación entre el contexto familiar y conductas infractores a corta edad, a considerar delictivas en la edad adulta, con el consumo de drogas, siendo el objetivo establecer la posible influencia que el maltrato familiar durante el período de socialización tiene en una edad temprana de inicio de un consumo de drogas en una muestra de reclusos del establecimiento penitenciario de Villabona (Asturias, España). El estudio se realizó con un total de 157 internos que participaron de manera voluntaria, a la vez que se considera como variable predictora la violencia física y psicológica de los padres y hermanos y variable criterio el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. De los resultados obtenidos a través del análisis de supervivencia, mediante el método de regresión de Cox, y mediado, tanto por el estado del interno como por el delito cometido por el que cumplen condena en prisión, se concluye la importancia del maltrato sufrido en el seno familiar, en el inicio del consumo más temprano de tabaco, alcohol, cocaína, heroína y anfetaminas según el nivel de reincidencia, así como en el inicio de consumo de alcohol, cannabis, fármacos, cocaína, anfetaminas y drogas de diseño según el tipo de delito.

La Gender Role Conflict Scale for Adolescents (GRCS-A) mide el conflicto de rol de género de los adolescentes. La GRCS-A se compone de cuatro factores referidos a distintos patrones de conflicto (afecto limitado entre hombres, emotividad restringida, conflicto entre trabajo, escuela y familia, y necesidad de éxito y logro). El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la estructura factorial de la versión española de la GRCS-A y la congruencia factorial con los datos de la versión inglesa. Nuestra muestra está compuesta por 1595 estudiantes varones de Enseñanza Secundaria y Bachillerato de diferentes centros educativos de Castilla-La Mancha y Castilla y León (España). Se examinó la correlación de la escala con el sexismo y el acoso escolar, y se analizaron las diferencias de acuerdo a la edad en la experimentación de los distintos patrones de conflicto. Los análisis factoriales, exploratorio y confirmatorio, replicaron la estructura factorial de la versión original y las correlaciones mostraron que el conflicto de rol de género está relacionado con el sexismo y el acoso escolar. El análisis de regresión mostró la influencia de la edad en el conflicto de rol de género.

El consumo juvenil de alcohol representa, en la cultura mediterránea, una práctica caracterizada por usos recreativos, ligada a procesos de interacción grupal e identitarios. Nuestro objetivo es ofrecer un análisis descriptivo y diferencial, por niveles de edad e ingesta realizada, de las tendencias de consumo de alcohol, así como de las percepciones de riesgo y de los motivadores de consumo, en un colectivo de 845 adolescentes escolarizados del Principado de Asturias (España). Se confirman las tendencias emergentes sobre hábitos de consumo de alcohol y los patrones de uso/abuso representativos del estilo de ocio juvenil, así como motivaciones y percepciones de riesgo diferenciales, en virtud de la mentalidad del usuario. Se avanzan líneas prospectivas de actuación basadas en intervenciones psicosociales y sociocomunitarias.

In the Mediterranean culture the young consumption of alcohol represents a practice associated with a recreative culture tied to processes of group interaction and identity. Our aim is to offer a descriptive and differential analysis for levels of age and ingestion realized of the trends of consumption of alcohol, as well as the perceptions of risk and motivations of consumption in a group of 845 Spanish teenagers of the Principado de Asturias. The emergent trends are confirmed on habits of consumption of alcohol and the representative bosses of use/abuse of the style of juvenile leisure, as well as motivations and differential perceptions of risk by virtue of the mentality of the user. There are advanced market lines of prevention based on psychosocial interventions and socio community.

Objective. To offer an analysis of the factors that determine the consumption of psychoactive substances by youth and to evaluate the predictive capacity of variables related to attitude, affect, the family and groups, as well as academics, among others. Materials and Methods. A sample of 750 adolescents was selected at the Principado de Asturias (Spain) (mode 15 years of age, mean=14.69) enrolled during the 2008-2009 academic year. Results. It was confirmed that the teenagers who consumed alcohol and other drugs present a differential profile as compared to non-consumers with respect to greater attitudinal permissiveness, effect of paternal modelling and peer groups, institutional dissatisfaction, emotional instability, and manifestation of more disruptive conducts with problems relating to others and attention-seeking. Conclusions. From our ethiological model we conclude that the consumption of drugs by youth is determined by an interrelation of personal, familiar, school and psychosocial variables.

Objetivo. Analizar los factores que determinan el consumo juvenil de sustancias psicoactivas evaluando la capacidad predictiva de variables actitudinales, afectivas, relacionales a nivel familiar y grupal, así como académicas, entre otras. Material y métodos. Se ha seleccionado una muestra de 750 adolescentes del Principado de Asturias (España) (moda 15 años, media=14.69) escolarizados en el curso académico 2008-2009. Resultados. Se ha confirmado que los adolescentes que consumen alcohol y otras drogas presentan un perfil diferencial respecto a los no consumidores en factores relativos a la mayor permisividad actitudinal, efecto de modelado paterno y del grupo de iguales, insatisfacción institucional, inestabilidad emocional y manifestación de más conductas disruptivas con problemas de relación y búsquedas de atención. Conclusiones. A partir de nuestro modelo etiológico se concluye que el consumo juvenil de drogas está determinado por la interrelación de variables personales, familiares, escolares y psicosociales.

Objective. To offer an analysis of the factors that determine the consumption of psychoactive substances by youth and to evaluate the predictive capacity of variables related to attitude, affect, the family and groups, as well as academics, among others. Materials and Methods. A sample of 750 adolescents was selected at the Principado de Asturias (Spain) (mode 15 years of age, mean=14.69) enrolled during the 2008-2009 academic year. Results. It was confirmed that the teenagers who consumed alcohol and other drugs present a differential profile as compared to non-consumers with respect to greater attitudinal permissiveness, effect of paternal modelling and peer groups, institutional dissatisfaction, emotional instability, and manifestation of more disruptive conducts with problems relating to others and attention-seeking. Conclusions. From our ethiological model we conclude that the consumption of drugs by youth is determined by an interrelation of personal, familiar, school and psychosocial variables.

Objetivo. Analizar los factores que determinan el consumo juvenil de sustancias psicoactivas evaluando la capacidad predictiva de variables actitudinales, afectivas, relacionales a nivel familiar y grupal, así como académicas, entre otras. Material y métodos. Se ha seleccionado una muestra de 750 adolescentes del Principado de Asturias (España) (moda 15 años, media=14.69) escolarizados en el curso académico 2008-2009. Resultados. Se ha confirmado que los adolescentes que consumen alcohol y otras drogas presentan un perfil diferencial respecto a los no consumidores en factores relativos a la mayor permisividad actitudinal, efecto de modelado paterno y del grupo de iguales, insatisfacción institucional, inestabilidad emocional y manifestación de más conductas disruptivas con problemas de relación y búsquedas de atención. Conclusiones. A partir de nuestro modelo etiológico se concluye que el consumo juvenil de drogas está determinado por la interrelación de variables personales, familiares, escolares y psicosociales.

La experimentación juvenil con drogas iniciáticas (alcohol y tabaco) y, en menor medida, con otras sustancias ilegales, se halla asociada a pautas de ocio juvenil caracterizadas por la sobreactivación, la vinculación grupal y la satisfacción hedónica en prácticas propias de la cultura recreativa. El inicio precoz se sitúa en los primeros años de la adolescencia, de ahí que se haya realizado un estudio exploratorio con una muestra de estudiantes de educación secundaria del Principado de Asturias (España) con edades comprendidas entre los doce y los dieciocho años. El objetivo del estudio es ofrecer un perfil diferencial de consumo en función de los niveles de edad. Se ha hallado una tendencia de consumo de fin de semana con mayor habituación y frecuencia de experimentación en niveles superiores. Se ha confirmado la manifestación de la mentalidad del usuario con una percepción de riesgo distorsionada. Se concluye que han de promoverse políticas preventivas a nivel educativo, estatal y comunitario.

The young experimentation with initiation drugs (alcohol and tobacco) and, by smaller measurement, with illegal psychoactive substances is associated to young leisure trends distinguished by super activation, peer-groups tying and the satisfaction in own practices of the recreative culture. The precocious consumption is placed in first years of adolescence, so we have achieved an exploratory study with a sample of secondary school students of the Principado de Asturias (Spain) between twelve and eighteen years old. The aim of the study is to offer a differential profile of consumption depending on the levels of age. A week-end consumption trend with more habituation and use frequency by level of age has been found out. The user mentality with a distorted risk perception has been confirmed. We conclude that preventive to educative, state and community level politics ought to be promoted.

Introduction This research offers a comprehensive analysis of the distinctive status of Alcohol in two types of young consumers (alcohol and alcohol/ cannabis), which is internalised by the consumers themselves, creating a distortion in their risk perceptions inherent to experimentation. In this sense, the focus of this study is on the change experienced in the attitude sphere in a threefold dimension: cognitive factors (beliefs, expectations, perceptions, etc.), affective factors (identification with the user, liking or disliking, etc.), and behavioural factors (inclination to accept the habit); as well as risk perception and the conscience of the physical and/or psychosocial damage derived from alcohol experimentation and the motivations that lead to its consumption in a sample of adolescents from four High Schools in the Principality of Asturias (Spain). We link such attitude profiles to the social representation of recreational drugs associated with socio-cognitive restructurating processes promoted by the corresponding user mentalities. In addition, there is evidence of the influence of the sociocultural context on the distinctive status of the psychoactive substances analysed, in this case alcohol and those derived from cannabis. Contrary to the high permissiveness towards alcohol, other psychoactive substances, such as cannabis products, are socially demonised, as they have been considered a gateway for the use of other drugs coming from a tradition far from the western one. However, there appear to be more permissive consciences lately. In relation to young people, attitudes of guilt are being made more flexible, a tendency that can be extended to the distortion of risk perception in alcohol consumption among the users of cannabis products themselves. Strictly, we should consider the distinctive perceptions of the risks associated with experimentation and the attitude patterns that identify them. We must also consider cannabis products and whether or not they are being compared to alcohol as a social drug, or if, on the contrary, the rejection conscience of such practices is being reinforced. Materials and method A distinctive and descriptive analysis of users of alcohol and cannabis products with respect to non-users is presented. This analysis encompasses the attitude sphere, risk perception and the knowledge of the negative consequences derived from the use of alcohol and other experimentation with psychoactive substances in a sample of 273 adolescents, chosen from four High Schools in the Principality of Asturias (Spain) by means of an intentional sampling. They have different academic levels and are within the ages of 14 to 18, the average age being 16.5. 140 of them are girls (51.3% of the sample) and 133 boys (48.7% remaining). The main variables studied are those related to attitudes towards adolescents' use of alcohol alone and those who habitually use it with cannabis products. The main study variables are represented by the attitude sphere, risk perception, the problematic of alcohol consumption, and the knowledge of the negative consequences derived from alcohol consumption and from other experimentations with cannabis and other psychoactive substances. A questionnaire, created ad hoc, has been provided by the researchers, which, under the label of Scale of attitudes and habits of alcohol consumption, includes an analysis of different related elements in the aetiological proposal. The value of Alpha in 273 valid cases and 142 items is .9171. With regard to the research procedure, an anonymous presentation of the Scale to the aforementioned group of students over a two-week time period has been prepared. For the statistical treatment of the data, a statistics package SPSS, version 14.0 has been used. Results According to the results obtained, it is confirmed that adolescent alcohol consumers, on one hand, and those who consume alcohol and cannabis products, on the other, show attitudes of great permissiveness towards consumption, distorted beliefs and expectations, socio-affective alienation and scarce sensitising with respect to those affected by the problematic of it, and a favourable disposition to consumption and even an alcoholic habituation. Firstly, a comparative analysis of response percentages has been done, before indicators through which different aspects of the cognitive, affective and behavioural dimensions of the attitude towards alcohol consumption are evaluated, along with the distortion of risk perception and basic information about the consequences derived from consumption experiences, in either adolescents who are users of alcohol, or those who, apart from alcohol, are habitual users of cannabis products. From the descriptive analysis some conclusions can be drawn such as: • Obvious permissive disposition towards the process of alcoholic habituation in adolescent users of alcohol, mainly extensible to users of both alcohol and cannabis products. • From the evaluation of the cognitive dimension of the attitudes, explicit disposition is confirmed, in the sense of displaying a distortion of these attitudes. This can be attributed to, as it has been pointed out in the theoretical exposition, the possible action of the user mentality. • In the evaluation of attitude aspects, a dominant tendency to display a scarce identification and sensitising disposition with respect to those who give up drinking or are abstemious and even to openly show rejection to congratulating somebody that has given up drinking. • Lastly, the finding of coincidences between adolescent alcohol users and those who also use cannabis products in the determination of the main motivations that drive their alcohol consumption. The tendency of a more permissive attitude towards alcohol consumption in adolescents is confirmed along with a distorted perception of the risks derived from questions related to organic damage associated with experimentation. In the evaluation of the alcoholism problematic in our society, we also have found the confirmation of a mentality associated with experimentation that leads to a distortion of the damages derived from experimentation. Therefore, with respect to the distinctive analysis of the main motivations that drive alcohol consumption, a tendency of evasion of routine is confirmed. Peer pressure by consumer friends, disposition to lose one's inhibitions, meeting people, and experiencing euphoria are the main reasons that drive experimentation in adolescents who consume alcohol and, also, in those users of both alcohol and cannabis products. A tendency to recognise the scarce negative consequences suffered is derived from the analysis of the degree of perceived problems stemming from experimentation with different psychoactive substances, as well as the risk perception and negative consequences derived from their experiences of alcohol consumption and from the main explicit reasons for not drinking. According to an analysis procedure similar to the aforementioned, the importance of the differences found between consumers and non-consumers either of alcohol or both alcohol and cannabis products could be determined, confirming recognition of worse consequences perceived on physical and psychosocial health derived from experimentation, even though it cannot benefit a real consciousness, as has been confirmed through the previous attitude analysis.

Objetivo Nuestro objeto de estudio es el análisis de las actitudes hacia la experimentación con sustancias psicoactivas (alcohol y cannabis) de acuerdo a una triple dimensionalidad: factores cognitivos (creencias, expectativas, percepciones, etc.), afectivos (identificación con los usuarios, agrado o desagrado, etc.) y comportamentales (inclinación para la aceptación del hábito). Así como la percepción de riesgos y la conciencia de daño físico y/o psicosocial derivado de la experimentación con alcohol. Además de analizar los motivadores del consumo en una muestra de adolescentes de cuatro Centros de Secundaria del Principado de Asturias, España. Se ofrece un análisis comprehensivo del estatuto diferencial que el alcohol tiene entre dos perfiles de jóvenes consumidores (alcohol y alcohol/cannabis) que es interiorizado por los propios consumidores afectando a una distorsión de sus percepciones de riesgo inherentes a la experimentación. Vinculamos semejantes perfiles actitudinales a procesos de reestructuración sociocognitiva y de carácter motivacional impulsados por las correspondientes mentalidades del usuario. Asimismo, se evidencia la influencia del contexto sociocultural sobre el estatuto diferencial de las sustancias psicoactivas objeto de análisis, en este caso alcohol y derivados cannábicos. Material y métodos Se realizó un muestreo intencional de un colectivo de 273 adolescentes escolarizados de diferentes niveles académicos de edades que oscilan entre los 14 y 18 años que cursan estudios en cuatro Centros de Enseñanza Secundaria del Principado de Asturias, España. Las principales variables investigadas son las relativas a las actitudes ante el consumo de alcohol por parte de adolescentes experimentadores de tal sustancia y de aquellos que usan regularmente junto al alcohol los derivados cannábicos. La esfera actitudinal ha representado la principal área explorada bajo una triple dimensionalidad: factores cognitivos (creencias, expectativas, percepciones, etc.), afectivos (identificación con los usuarios, agrado o desagrado, etc.) y comportamentales (disposición para el consumo e inclinación para la aceptación del hábito). Asimismo, se ha investigado acerca de las motivaciones que impulsan al consumo y las razones explicitadas para beber y no beber, así como sobre aquellas que pueden mediatizar semejantes usos. Junto al plano actitudinal, la percepción del grado de riesgo y problematicidad inherente al consumo de alcohol, así como el conocimiento acerca de las consecuencias negativas derivadas del consumo de alcohol y de las experimentaciones con cannabis y otras sustancias psicoactivas representan las principales variables investigadas. Resultados Se confirma que tanto los adolescentes consumidores de alcohol, por un lado, como los de alcohol y derivados cannábicos, por otro, muestran unas actitudes de gran permisividad ante el consumo, creencias y falsas expectativas, desapego socioafectivo y escasa sensibilidad respecto a quienes se hayan afectados por la problemática, así como una disposición favorable al consumo e incluso a la habituación alcohólica. Del análisis del grado de problematicidad percibida, derivada de la experimentación con diversas sustancias psicoactivas, así como de la percepción de riesgos y consecuencias negativas que se han derivado de sus experiencias de consumo de alcohol, se deriva una tendencia a reconocer las escasas consecuencias negativas sufridas. A partir del análisis diferencial de los factores de percepción de riesgo y de las razones que podrían aducirse para no-beber se ha confirmado que los adolescentes que experimentan con alcohol y derivados cannábicos manifiestan en su conjunto una menor percepción de los riesgos asociados a la experimentación contrastando con la mayor concientización del potencial daño alcohólico de quienes no son usuarios. A partir del análisis de las actitudes globales ante el alcohol se confirma que los consumidores de otras sustancias psicoactivas -en relación con los adolescentes que beben pero no experimentan con otras drogas- son más permisivos, manifiestan unas creencias más distorsionadas y una mayor disposición hacia la habituación alcohólica.